The Benefits of Heart Attack Essay

The Benefits of Heart Attack Essay Diabetes has turned into a severe problem today. Diseases can influence any portion of the heart. The excess weight tends to concentrate around the center, which makes it an extra risk component. You only have to be sure any increases are created slowly and carefully, which means that your body is prepared for the demand. Thus, the heart should be maintained in order to do its functions properly. While there are lots of risk factors which are out of your control, there are some essential measures you may take to continue to keep your heart healthy. Facts, Fiction and Heart Attack Essay Diabetes is among the fastest-growing diseases. A diagnosis of coronary attack is created by a doctor when they perform a physical exam and review your medical history. If you're concerned you might have or develop cardiovascular disease, you can begin with a self-evaluation by means of your physician's help. Heart disease and several of drugs can cause bradycardia, and a physician should evaluate it to determine if treatment is demanded. The ideal time to take care of a heart attack is within the very first hour of the very first onset of symptoms. Speak to your physician if you have any concerns about your danger of a heart attack. Steer clear of heavy exercise since it is shown to really raise the risk of heart attacks within 1 hour right after the exercise. Many heart attacks are mistaken for the start of the flu, especially if it's flu season. The Ugly Secret of Heart Attack Essay The heart is made up of a specific form of muscle called myocardium. Besides coronary heart disease as a result of fat deposition in the arterial wall, there are additional heart diseases come from abnormalities at birth. Fortunately, women can take strides to comprehend their exclusive signs of cardiovascular disease and can start to lower the cases of coronary disease. All women face the chance of heart disorder or disease. A high level of LDL cholesterin reflects a greater hazard of bosom disease. Losing even a small quantity of weight can help by lowering your blood pressure and decreasing your risk of diabetes both of which increase your potential for heart disease. While everyone can develop cardiovascular disease, certain things can increase one's risk. At times the disease contributes to acute myocardial infarction or stroke, which leads to disability or death. Ok, I Think I Understand Heart Attack Essay, Now Tell Me About Heart Attack Essay! Talking to others between cleaning cages and grooming animals would offer you a bit of selection and help you build confidence on the way. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. Folks that are concerned about their hearts will look for a different solution for their pain, and odds are they'll find something more dangerous than ibuprofen. A fast glance at the abstract told me that every one of the articles were incorrect. Ok, I Think I Understand Heart Attack Essay, Now Tell Me About Heart Attack Essay! Although heart disorder may frequently be considered of as an issue for men, heart disorder is easily the most normal source of loss of life for both women and men in the United States of america. It's unlikely that sexual activity can lead to heart attacks. A lot of women don't know that they've a heart problem until AFTER they've had a heart attack, making death the very first symptom for many ladies. So if you're a woman or a person who loves one you will need to understand how heart attack symptoms women differ from heart attack symptoms men. Heart Attack Essay - the Story Normal cardio exercises, keeping a healthful weight, a healthful and nutritious diet, including low fat and very low salt foods and quitting smoking are a few important lifestyle changes that someone has to make, to steer clear of additional heart difficulties and lead a healthy and peaceful life. Blood sugar is controlled in an extremely narrow selection. A superb diet for the heart is made up of fruits and vegetables which contain essential nutrients having the capability to increase heart health. Eating a healthful and balanced diet has a crucial role in promoting a wholesome heart. The Most Popular Heart Attack Essay Gastroesophageal reflux disease has come to be the most common supply of heartburn. Knowing the signs of each condition will make it simpler to settle on which malady you're suffering from. Deaths brought on by heart attacks are for the most part because of delay in treatment. The absolute most classic and dangerous of all of the heart attack symptoms is the denial of the possible importance of the function. The Advantages of Heart Attack Essay Even though the MVP and heart look as though they should secure the key attention, it is in fact the autonomic nervous system which should be the focus for virtually any healing wor k from the crisis. Your entire body and mind instinctively wish to avoid being traumatized, so all that extra energy needs to be diverted. Even in case you have already had a heart attack you can better your wellbeing and the standard of your life with a medically supervised exercise program. At the exact same time, you become better able to control the stress that you still face.

Jewelry Has A Strong Case Against Jennifer Lawson

Memo Introduction In paper, Greene’s Jewelry has a strong case against Jennifer Lawson because Jennifer breached the confidentiality agreements that she signed with Greene’s Jewelry. In the agreement, it specifically indicated that Jennifer could never disclose any information regarding â€Å"Ever-Gold† creating process, which is patented and owned by Greene’s Jewelry. Jennifer not only stole a draft letter that contains the details of creating Ever-Gold but also took it to Greene’s competitor Howell Jewelry World in order to obtain a job offer from the company. The employment contract that Jennifer signed with Howell is a certain evidence of her unjust enrichment. Regarding Jennifer Lawson’s claim that she encountered wrongful termination at Greene’s, it is simply a misinterpretation of Greene’s legitimate reduction in force. The company no longer had a need for any junior executive secretaries. The downsizing was unfortunately but legal. Facts and Laws Jennifer alleges that she was terminated because of her pregnancy. She neglects the fact that Greene’s discharged her because her position, junior executive secretary, is redundant to the company. It is transparently that Jennifer is a member of protected class and was dismissed. Yet Greene’s did not violate The Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA) under Title VII. According to Title VII 42 U.S.C.  § 2000e-2(a), it is an unlawful employment practice if an employer discharges any individual because of such individual s race,Show MoreRelatedBusiness Law1164 Words   |  5 PagesApplication of Law to the Facts: In light of all the facts based upon the law relating to nondisclosure agreements (NDA’s), a court most likely would rule in favor of Greenes Jewelry. This ruling comes from the matters of breaking legal contracts. NDA’s are legal binding contracts. Ms. Jennifer Lawson breached the confidentiality agreement/contract, that she was required to sign upon working for Greenes, when she took secret information to multiple competing jewelers. The agreement was a validRead MoreApplicability of Greene’s Jewelry Wholesale, Llc vs. Lawson Memo2617 Words   |  11 PagesApplicability of Greene’s Jewelry Wholesale, LLC vs. Lawson MEMO INTRODUCTION Jennifer Lawson, who was rightfully terminated during Greene’s Jewelry Wholesale’s downsizing effort for consistent tardiness throughout her three years of employment with Greene’s Jewelry Wholesale, breached the confidentiality agreement to not share any information regarding the process used to create â€Å"Ever-Gold,† by sharing key process elements in producing Ever-Gold to a competing business named Howell Jewelry World. Ever-GoldRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesvi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ ManagementRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesdecentralizing the HR entity so that each functional area of the company has an HR manager assigned to it. The HR managers were expected to be key contributors to their areas by becoming knowledgeable about the business issues faced by their business functional units. Today, HR managers participate in developing business strategies and ensure that human resource dimensions are considered. For instance, the HR manager for manufacturing has HR responsibilities for 600 employees. In that role she contributes

Talcott Parsons Essay Research Paper Talcott ParsonsIntroductionOf free essay sample

Talcott Parsons Essay, Research Paper Talcott Parsons Introduction Of his clip, Talcott Parsons ( 1902-1979 ) was considered the most admired American sociologist. Parsons was bread into a comfortable household and was given a strong educational foundation as a kid. Get downing as a life scientist, Parsons felt out of topographic point and transferred to economic sciences and sociology. As he excelled in these Fieldss, Parsons began surveies in Europe, giving him a broad position on different societies. He began learning at Harvard, and at that place he exposed his sociological ideas. Although really controversial, Parsons works had influences on all facets of Sociology. He by and large focused on societal action and systems and believed that morality in societal action is the chief component to assist continue societal order. In The Structure of Social Action ( 1937 ) , Parsons developed earlier sociologists views into a theory of societal action, or the action theory. These thoughts look into today s society and it s institutional constructions, which work to clear up action and to derive from it. We will write a custom essay sample on Talcott Parsons Essay Research Paper Talcott ParsonsIntroductionOf or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His 2nd book, The Social System ( 1951 ) , extends and further explains his anterior theories, including a structural-functional scheme. Talcott Parsons functionalistic ways, influenced by Bronislaw Malinowski, became the centre of argument. His beliefs were questioned and challenged by rival sociologists. His surveies became even greater and his theories more important. Until the clip of his decease, his chief purpose focused on the systematic survey of societal action and it s constituents. He looked at the environing factors and if and why they influenced the societal system. As an award before his decease, Parsons received high awards for his achievements in sociology. Many people considered him the most intelligent sociologist of his epoch. Methods for Procuring Information To garner stuff on this topic, I used a few research tools. First, I utilized the cyberspace as a beginning of information. Get downing off, I figured I would utilize hunt engines, or particular plans that find websites refering your subject, to get down. I listed as many keywords as I could, including Talcott Parsons, Parsons, sociology, sociologists, dead sociologists, and structural-functional paradigm. I so used these keywords in my hunts on the yokel! , excite, get downing point, and webcrawler hunt engines. I passed trough web sites, choosing valuable information and printing out what was needed. I looked over the assorted cyberspace articles, and I highlighted and took notes on some of import inside informations. I kept the web pages nearby for speedy mention. Following, I visited the Boca Raton Public Library to roll up more significant information. I began by utilizing the library s computing machines to seek for information on Talcott Parsons and sociology. I was lead to the International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, in which I found biographical addendums. I copied specific pages refering Talcott Parsons, and as I read the text, I choose certain information for reexamining. This information was observingly copied to observe cards. I located two other encyclopaedias, The New Encyclopedia Britannica and Encyclopedia Americana, and repeated the stairss as earlier, utilizing note cards to take notes. During my hunt, I found a paper-back book book on sociology. I studied the subdivision refering to Talcott Parsons, and I took careful notes on his plants. Afterwards, I researched the historical events go oning while Parsons grew up. Initially, I found these events on the Society in History: Time Lines in my sociology text book. I noted the events and relied on the cyberspace. I used the same method as earlier, hunt engines and web sites. I listed the keywords on the topics and found many different articles. I printed the utile paperss and reviewed them for important points. Last, I highlighted the chief subjects and noted the major facts. Biographic Information Talcott Parsons was born on December 13, 1902 in Colorado Springs. His household consisted of five siblings and his female parent and male parent, Mary Ingersol Parsons and Edward Parson. Harmonizing to the Inter. Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, # 8220 ; His female parent # 8230 ; was a suffragist # 8230 ; and his male parent was a societal Gospel Protestant of wide academic involvements # 8221 ; ( 610 ) . Parsons was academically pushed by his male parent, who was the first in the household to go to college. Although of Christian religion, his household was still interested in the scientific disciplines of Darwinism, which gave Parsons an early position of scientific discipline. He attended high school at Horace Mann High School in New York City. After graduation, he started his surveies at Amherst College. Parsons majored in biological science, but shifted his ideas to sociology subsequently in his acquisition experience at Amherst. In 1924, Talcott graduated from Amherst and moved on to the London School of Economics. During his direction in sociology and economic sciences, Parsons began happening a correlativity between his two involvements. Sociology at Hewett explains that Talcott s most important experience was in his talk with Bronislaw Malinowski: # 8220 ; He was converted to functionalism under the influence of the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski # 8221 ; ( 1 of 2 ) . Soon after Parsons began the London School of Economics, he was offered a topographic point at the University of Heidelberg. In Germany, he was exposed to a new position of societal idea, implying Max Weber s beliefs. Parsons began his categories in economic sciences and sociology and Marxian theory. In 1927, he was awarded his doctors degree in economic sciences at Heidelberg, and he married Helen B. Walker around the same clip. He so returned to America to learn economic sciences at Harvard University. From 1928 to 1929, Talcott produced two Hagiographas about his chief ideas on society. He used different sociologists positions and made reviews on them and integrate his ain constructs. Parsons was still interested in the relationship between economic sciences and sociology, and he began to detect that they had complex links. He was caught between the two Fieldss, which he both admired, and noticed he had to do a alteration. So in 1931, Parsons became a member of Harvard s sociology section and launched his instructions in the new topic. During 1937, while learning at Harvard, Talcott brought forth his first major work, The Structure of Social Action. Encyclopedia Britannica describes, # 8220 ; Parsons drew on elements from the work of several European authors # 8230 ; to develop a common systematic theory of societal action # 8221 ; ( 171 ) . In the book, he investigated the theoreticians positions and compared and contrasted between them. And he ever centered his focal point on morality s topographic point in societal action. Soon, Parsons became a full professor in Sociology and began associating other Fieldss to hi ain. Two old ages subsequently, Parsons attended a psychological science institute, where he focused on Freud s theories. Parsons started paying attending to anthropology and psychological science, and he formed an in depth analysis of the Freudian theory. In 1946, Talcott helped make the section of societal dealingss, in which he was nominated as president. To add, he became the president of the Am erican Sociological Society in 1949. By the 1950 s, he became the most famed sociologist in academic life ( International Encyclopedia of Social Science 616 ) . Parsons 2nd book, The Social System, looked at his theses on a much bigger graduated table, and included many altered ideas. He used his new surveies as Ba ckground information on the three types of action organisation, cultural, societal, and personality. He included the major jobs of society and his structural-function positions, how society s parts work together to keep societal order. As his positions formed, he received much contention on his topics because they were so wide and varied. Although, Parsons continued his surveies and developed an even wider position over clip. He thought of society as four chief parts, which were specialized for their intents. He began utilizing these illustrations for many surveies in his ulterior calling. Besides, Parsons looked at ancient civilisations as mentions. His survey ran through the probe of these societies and how they evolved to today s people. He examined all facets of society and tried to integrate them into one societal scientific discipline. His surveies continued at Harvard University until 1973, when he retired. Not much is said about his after life, but he may hold continued his positions on society. He was really controversial and had a wide position, nevertheless, he was still an highly influential Sociologists and contributed a batch to the field. On May 8, 1979, Talcott Parsons died in Munich, Germany. Populating a long life, Parsons achieved many ends and left his grade in Sociology. Historical Events While Parsons grew up, several historical events occurred. To get down, in 1903, the first working aeroplane was invented. Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully invented a working aeroplane in December 1903. They flew this plane for 37 stat mis around a town in Ohio, and it landed absolutely. The aeroplane was subsequently used in WW1. Another chief event that happened was World War 1. This war was fought from 1914-1918, while Parsons was a adolescent. During this section, America, Great Britain, Russia, and France, fought against the German ground forces in Europe. Simultaneously, America was combating Japan on the other side of the universe. Both axis powers, Germans and Nipponese, were seeking to derive political control of other states. In sociological history, there were two occurrences that took topographic point. Both losingss were of the same topic and transpired around the same clip. In 1917, Emile Durkeim, a Gallic sociologist who was known for his self-destruction survey, died. Then, three old ages subsequently, Max Weber passed off. Patricia Miller-Shaivitz claims that Max Weber was a German sociologist, who was recognized for his survey on establishments. These were considered two large losingss for sociology. Contributions to Sociology Talcott Parsons started with his appraisal of other sociologists positions. He used these affairs to organize his ain apprehension on the topic and to make his theories. His positions on societal action and the societal system created gesture in the universe of sociology. His works lead to Parsonianism, and they helped followings organize their ain theories on the affair. Parsons composing caused a batch of resistance in sociology, which helped reasoning associates intervene with their ideas. His first book made a base for his theses and attracted a batch of attending. His protagonists were formed and so was his Parsonian construct. His followings and constructs grew and widened. His impressions created a large grade in sociology and in besides other topics. His positions built a new manner of thought for other sociologists, taking to new capable affairs and ideas. With the release of Parsons 2nd book, hostility began stirring in sociology. His plants caused rivals to knock, and this enticed them to build ideas to contend Parsons construct In bend, he developed theories that associates could utilize to do similar or diverse premises. Until now, his plants still are used as basic positions on society, and they help us understand specific capable affairs. During his instructions at Harvard University, Talcott induced his and other positions into the heads of many immature pupils. So, you can state that he bread a strong herd of sociologists. Parsons assisted in the motion for a sociology section at Harvard and ran it for many old ages. This new section was where the elect sociologists learnt their rudimentss and graduated as prima theoreticians. Parsons besides merged three Fieldss of survey, anthropology and psychological science with sociology, which is still used by modern twenty-four hours sociologists. Even though he contributed in many other ways, Parson theories and positions are still his chief benefactions to sociology. Many people were interested in the action theory and his ideas on societal action, systems, development, and order, and people even ponder them today. Encyclopedia Americana acknowledges that # 8220 ; His work will go on to capture our imaginativeness and regard # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( 480 ) . Sociologists and theoreticians will be utilizing his impressions for a long clip to come. My Chemical reactions As I began to research Talcott Parsons, I could non recognize why people, largely in the societal scientific discipline field, respected him so much. With the small information I could procure, I started to larn more about his life, and why he was so admired. I feel that people liked him because of his plants, integrating all facets of society, and his parts to society. His positions looked at society s different parts, and how they worked as a group to execute specialised undertakings. Peoples felt that as he was seeking to understand society, Parsons was seeking to assist society. His positions included the whole society and created a new chapter of sociology. Along with this, he helped sociology by doing the field good known. He was one individual who started Harvard s section of sociology, and he affiliated three chief surveies: anthropology, psychological science, and sociology. All these factors influenced sociology and, hence, made people honor Talcott Parsons. I would wish to add that from the 50 s to 60 s, Parsons life and calling was terribly complex. He was involved in many positions on society, and he had legion Hagiographas. I was non able to include that whole portion of his life because it was excessively in deepness and detailed. However, I pointed out the major elements of that clip frame. Besides, information on the last 10 old ages of his life was out of my appreciation. It is either unknown or exceptionally difficult to turn up. Bibliography # 8220 ; Airplane. # 8221 ; n. pag. Online. Internet. 20 Oct. 1998. Available hypertext transfer protocol: //encarta.msn.com/find/ default.asd? section=find Macionis, John J. Sociology: Sixth Edition. New Jersey: Simon A ; Schuster, 1997. Miller-Shaivitz, Patricia. # 8220 ; Major Theorists. # 8221 ; Palm Beach Community College. 9 Sept. 1998. Rossi, Ino. Structural Sociology. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982. # 8220 ; Talcott Parsons. # 8221 ; Encyclopedia Americana. 1996. # 8220 ; Talcott Parsons. # 8221 ; The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 1996. # 8220 ; Talcott Parsons. # 8221 ; International Encyclopedia of Social Science. 1979. # 8220 ; Talcott Parsons: 1902 # 8211 ; 1979. # 8221 ; Biography: 1p. Online. Internet. 20 Oct. 1998. Available hypertext transfer protocol: //www.search.biography.com/print_record.pl? id=18287 # 8220 ; Talcott Parsons ( 1902-1979 ) . # 8221 ; Sociology at Hewett: 1 of 2p. Online. Internet. 19 Oct. 1998. Available hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hewett.norfolk.sch.uk/curric/soc/parsons.biog.htm # 8220 ; TSC: Talcott Parsons ( 1902-1979 ) . # 8221 ; Social Research Cafe: 1 of 2 p. Online. Internet. 20 Oct. 1998. Available hypertext transfer protocol: //www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/2147/parsons.htm # 8220 ; World War 1. # 8221 ; Webster s New World College Dictionary. 1997.

My experiment Essay Example

My experiment Essay The aim of my experiment is to find the acceleration due to gravity otherwise known as g. To do this I could do an experiment that involves a pendulum and the formulawhich can be put into the equation of a straight line y=mx+c Another experiment I could undertake uses a trolley and ramp but a different formula involving mass, which again is put into the equation of a straight line.I am going to pursue the pendulum idea, as it was the original experiment used by Sir Isaac Newton whos value for the acceleration due to gravity still stands today (even with all our modern technology). The trolley and ramp idea seems insufficient as the trolley isnt really in free fall and the friction from the ramp would surely affect my results.I need to make a pendulum that: Has minimal friction at its pivot point, Can have its length easily changed and be accurately measured, Will not swing in a circle, Has a small set angle of swing (drop angle), Non elastic stemI propose two different ideas.Meccano idea: The rigid structure will stop the pendulum swinging in a circle. The even spaces mean that the length can be easily changed and easily measured. Using a wheel as a bob means that you can easily measure to the centre of it. Oil can be used to decrease friction at the pivot A protractor can be placed at the pivot and then the drop angle can be easily controlled. A light gate could be used to calculate oscillations more accurately.Double fishing line idea: The two points of contact will stop it swinging in a circle The line is almost massless which means it has little air resistance and has little negative affect on the experiment. The line can be clamped at the pivot and therefore has minimal friction. By measuring the line and marking divisions with a pen you can clamp the line at exactly the length you want, and easily slide it up and down to change it. Again a protractor can be used to control drop angle.Comparing the two ideas I find that:They both stop the pendulum swinging in a circle. This is important because I need to measure as accurately as possible the time period of a certain amount of oscillations. If the pendulum is swinging in a circle then the measurements will be less accurate. It could also collide with something, which would disrupt the experiment.They can both be measured accurately, although it is much easier to change the length of the meccano idea. The length is included in the formula, it will be one of the things used in calculating the acceleration due to gravity, and therefore needs to be measured as accurately as possible.The fishing line idea due to its clean crisp nature will have less friction at its pivot than the meccano idea. I would have to use oil for the pivot point of the meccano but it still involves the rubbing of metal against metal without bearings.They can both have their drop angle measured.The meccano idea could involve a light gate because its square shape will mean the light can be cut precisely whereas the f ishing line idea has a round bob with no definite cut of point and the fishing line is so thin it would not cut the light. As long as the cut of point is the same each time a light gate should be very accurate but it would take a lot of detailed co-ordination to achieve this. Also generally varying light levels occurring naturally in the room could affect the light gate. So as long as I work out my margin of error doing it manually would be just as accurate.Rigid pendulums are used in clocks so they must be accurate as timekeepers. Yet an Internet site (http: kossi.physics.home.edu/Courses/p23a/Experiaments/Pendulum.html) about the experiment stated that it recommended the use of a massless, inextensible string. All experiments I have seen also use some sort of string rather than a rigid structure.On this basis and previous reasoning I am going to use the fishing line idea.Apparatus: Fishing line Clip board clips Reasonably small cylindrical weight with attaching ring Two points of bearing so that the position of the bob at rest can be accurately seen when oscillating. Either a stand or clips from the ceiling or table. A stopwatch A protractor to measure the drop angle. A meter ruler or tape measure to measure the length of the pendulum.Fair test:There are three variables that could affect the result of my experiment. They are the drop angle the mass of the bob and the length of the pendulum. The two former are not included in the formula so should not affect the outcome of the experiment, non-the less I will keep them as constant as possible throughout my investigation.I will drop the pendulum from the same angle each time. This angle will be 10 degrees, anything more than that and the difference in amplitude of the oscillations will change more rapidly from the first to the last. This makes the time it takes for each different length of pendulum to complete the oscillations more variable.I will not move my experiment as not to change its set up between tests because this could affect my results.I will make sure that my pendulum stand is rigid so that it wont move and absorb some of the energy from the swing.Before I undergo the experiment I will use a computer program, which tests my reaction time, I can then work out the margin of error in my results. I will take the test 3 times and get an average I should be looking at something between 0.2 and 0.25 seconds.I will complete my experiments in a draft less area, as friction from a stream of air particles will have an adverse affect on the swing of the pendulum.Measurements:I will take measurements using a stop clock for the time it takes to complete 30 oscillations. This is enough to make human error and reaction time fairly insignificant but not too much so that the pendulum will stop before completion of its oscillations. In a book ( ) it recommends 50 oscillations and previous results show a successful experiment using only 20 so Im going for the middle ground. The stop clock will m easure accurately to 1/100th of a second, my reaction time after calculation will be somewhere between 0.2 and 0.25 of a second.I will measure the length of the pendulum but keep this as my controlled variable. I will measure from the pivot to the centre of the bob. The length measurements I will use will range from 10cm to 1m with divisions of 10cm. This means that from 0 there will be equal divisions, the graph will therefore look tidier and have a good range of results over an equal spread. I can measure with a tape measure precisely up to 0.1 of a centimetre (1.0mm).I will repeat my experiments 3 times and take an average. I will do this to check reliability, a small range in results means they are reliable.I will record my results in a table like this one: -Length of pendulum /mTime for 30 oscillations (s)Average period of time T/sTime for one length squared T2/s2EXP 1EXP 2EXP 30.100.200.300.400.500.600.700.800.901.00Detailed plan:; Find a suitable place to build the pendulum e ither from the ceiling, or on two stands between two tables to allow a meter of pendulum beneath them. A rigid structure is important otherwise energy is absorbed in the swaying of the stands.; Build the pendulum as shown in the picture on the previous page. By attaching the two clip board clips to something so that the distance between them does not change. Cut two pieces of fishing line longer than a meter and tie them both to a weight. Clip the line into the clipboard clips. Attach a protractor to one side so that the angle the pendulum is at can be seen from the other.; Use a smallish mass e.g. 50g so that the fishing line doesnt slide through the clipboard clips. Measure the length of the pendulum to be 10cm1.0mm When constructed hold the pendulum back to 10 degrees as shown on the protractor. Let go and at the same time start the stop clock. Count 30 oscillations and stop the clock. Note down the time on the chart in excel. Repeat the experiment another two times and note the results down on the chart. An average will automatically be calculated. Repeat with the next length e.g. 20cm1.0mm And then carry on until all lengths have been done 3 times. The results will automatically come up on a scatter graph in excel and should show a strait line.Safety:I will make sure any stands are fixed securely so that they wont fall on top of anyone.I will make sure the weight is secured tightly so that it wont fall of on to anyone.I will make sure everyone is clear of the pendulum so that it wont swing into anyone.I wont swing the pendulum past 10 degrees, as this is unsafe and may hit some one. Prediction:I predict my results will show that T2 is directly proportional to ; the gradient of the line will be around 4.00 and therefore a value for g can be calculated at 9.8ms-2 (2sf)Hypothesis:T2 will be directly proportional to because as the length of the pendulum increases so does its displacement therefore so dose the time it takes.I predict this because Isaac Newton whom the story goes, had an apple fall on his head, recorded from theory that all objects had a gravitational pull or gravitational field strength due to the fact that masses attract. He successfully calculated using the pendulum experiment that the acceleration due to gravity was 9.81ms-2. The reason my results will not necessarily come up with this exact figure is because there will be a degree of uncertainty. This will be due to the accuracy of my measuring ability, which will be controlled by the equipment I use and in some case my reaction time.Another factor that plays a role in calculating g is where you are on the earth; In some places you weigh less than in others. This is due to things like the density of the rock that you are standing on. Igneous rock on continental plates, which is denser than others types will make g larger where as sedimentary rock on oceanic plates which is less dense than other types will cause a smaller value of g. If this is so then doing the exper iment out at sea or elevated from the ground on a high-rise building will also have a different value for g. You also have to take into account gravitational pull from the sun and moon or even other smaller bodies of mass like say the walls in the room the experiment is undertaken. These will all pull the pendulum an opposite way to the effect from the earths gravitational field strength. Generally the affect is so small the apparatus I will be using wont pick up any difference in results. And I dont have enough funds to go travelling the world.ImplementingChanges I made to my plan while implementing where:Instead of using a protractor to measure a 10 degree drop angle, I drew this angle on to a piece of card so that I could see it clearly and therefore measure more accurately the angle at which I was dropping the pendulum each time.Because my pendulum involved two points of contact the fishing line could not just be measured from the clip to the bob to gain a value for length, as t his would have been incorrect. Instead I had to measure the distance from the ground to the bottom of the clip (155.5cm) and make sure this value was the same on both sides by adjusting the clamps. I would then measure from the ground to the centre of the bob and take it away from 155.5cm to gain the value for length.Although I said I would not move the pendulum structure as not to affect the results, due to the time it took to build my structure I could not finish my experiment in the first sitting. I had to move it to keep it safe. I took measurements so that I could put it back in almost the same place for the next sitting.Observing and recordingHere are the results that I collected from my experiments:Length of pendulum (/m)Time for 30 oscillations (s)Standard deviationAverage period of time (T/s)Time for one length squared (Tà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Increment (s)EXP 1EXP 2EXP 30.1018.8218.8418.820.0118.830.390.390.2027.0527.0027.020.0327.020.810.420.3032.9633.0133.010.0332.99 1.210.400.4038.2238.2238.180.0238.211.620.410.5042.5342.4642.560.0542.522.010.390.6046.6646.7546.750.0546.722.430.420.7050.3450.2850.350.0450.322.810.390.8053.8953.7553.870.0853.843.220.410.9057.0656.9957.090.0557.053.620.401.0061.5459.2060.161.1860.304.040.42While implementing my experiment I added two more columns to my chart. The standard deviation column was added so that I could see weather my result taking was reliable and then make a decision on whether to repeat them or not. The increment column was added so that I could see how close to a straight line my results were heading. Both of these additions allowed me to see while doing the experiment whether I was doing it right and therefore whether I had to change anything.The results in green where results that I repeated, and the results in red are ones which I have earmarked for closer evaluation due to the large standard deviation from them. The green results for 0.1m were all repeated because the first time I collected the m I counted every swing as an oscillation, therefore only timing it for half the oscillations it should have completed. It there had a much lower result for time period than is shown in green (in fact only half that). I could have doubled the result but that would have been bad practise, wind resistance may have slowed down that second half of oscillations, which I would not have observed.For the time period of the oscillations I wrote down the results to two decimal places because I wanted to have the level of precision given by the stop clock. Because of this in all other calculations originating from the time period of the oscillations I also used two decimal places.Interpretation and EvaluationFrom the chart I made a graph on excel which plotted time squared (Tà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) against length (/m). I expected to see a straight line with strong positive correlation through (0,0) because it is directly proportional.This graph shows that time squared is directly proportio nal to the length of the pendulum. This is because of simple harmonic motion caused by the pull of gravity. If the graph was just time against length it would be a curve. I can now work out the acceleration due to gravity but first I have to put the equation that relates T2 to length into the formula for a straight line.y=mx+cI then used the gradient, 4.03 to eventually find a value for g.Theory shows that the value for c (the intercept) should be 0 because the line is directly proportional. Although my result for c is a very tiny way off 0 it is too small to be used in the calculation. The reason it does not follow theory is because of an error in the measuring of the length. There are many reasons why that may be. One reason is that because of the long-winded way I had to measure the length of the pendulum there was much room for small errors, like whether the ground was all level. Another reason could be that because my bob had a small extension above its main body its centre of gravity would not have been exactly at its main body centre, this would mean a slight error in measuring the length each time. I could work out the bobs centre of gravity and if I had more time thats what I would do to extend this experiment. But now I am quite happy with knowing that my value for g is not affected by this small error. If I were to do the experiment again I would take more time and caution when measuring and maybe find a better more accurate way to do it. I would use a bob that could be described as a point weight or work out the centre of gravity for an irregular weight.Degree of uncertainty:I am going to round my value of gravity to 2 significant figures. This gives me a value for g at 9.8ms-2 and a percentage error of compared to the accepted value of 9.81ms-2. To find out where this percentage error came from I have to trace back and work it out from the limitations of my measuring equipment.Actual error for time0.15sActual error for length0.001mLength of P (/m) Average period of time (T/s)Percentage error for T (%)Time for one length squared (T2/s2)Percentage error for T2 (%)Actual error for T2 (s2)0.1018.830.800.391.590.010.2027.020.560.811.110.010.3032.990.451.210.910.010.4038.210.391.620.790.010.5042.520.352.010.710.010.6046.720.322.430.640.020.7050.320.302.810.600.020.8053.840.283.220.560.020.9057.050.263.620.530.021.0060.300.254.040.500.02* Actual error for time is 0.01s for the limitation of the stop clock + 0.14s for the variance in my reaction time. If it takes you 0.2 seconds to react to the dropping of the pendulum and then 0.2 seconds to react to it finishing its final oscillation then the two cancel each other out. The problem is you dont have the same reaction time each occasion you stop or start the clock. To find out my minimum and maximum reaction time I used a computer program and found that my fastest result was 0.19s and my slowest was 0.26s a 0.07 second difference. This means that there is a 0.14 second uncertainty, 0. 07 at the start and 0.07 at the end.* To find the percentage uncertainty for time I divided the actual error by the average time and then multiplied this by 100.* To find the percentage error for time squared I multiplied the percentage error for time by two.* To find the actual error for time squared I divided the T2 by 100 and then multiplied this by the percentage error for T2.* The actual error for length is due to the limitation of the measuring equipment and means that I can only measure accurately up to one millimetre.To find out the percentage error of my result for g I need to now draw another graph with error bars, then from this find the maximum and minimum possible values of the gradient. After that I will use the formula to work out a value for the acceleration due to gravity using the lowest gradient and then the same with the highest gradient. From that I can then work out a percentage error.From the graph you can see that my two values for g were 9.99ms-2 and 9.62ms- 2 this gives me an actual error of 0.2ms-2 rounded to one significant figure and a percentage error of 2%.This shows that the true value for g lies within the percentage error of mine 9.8ms-22%. These errors came from the accuracy of the equipment that I was using or the accuracy of my ability to read of the results from the equipment. If I wanted to eradicate any hint of error caused by reaction time in any future experiments I could use a light gate to record the time taken for oscillations. This is a device that when the light is disrupted records a result on a computer. I had previously disregarded this idea because it was not suited to my experiment but Im sure that in future I could adapt it.Correlation:I know that my gradient produced an accurate value for g taking into account the percentage error, but what about each individual result for time. How accurate are they? How strong is there correlation? And what could I have done to make them more accurate? I researched a formu la that could be used to calculate correlation called the: -Product Moment Correlation Coefficient:With the help of a graphic calculator I worked this out to be 0.99997431 (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1) in a scale where 1 is absolute positive correlation and 0 is no correlation it is quite clear that these results bear a very strong positive correlation.Although the correlation is strong there is a reasonable amount of standard deviation between my 3 repeats of each length of pendulum. From my table of results you can see that generally the longer the pendulum the greater the standard deviation, especially on the last length highlighted in red. I suggest that the longer the pendulum swings for the more friction air resistance and any other external effects affect it. The reason that the last result was so far different was, I think, because the table that my experiment sat was knocked during the taking of one result. This would have meant some of the energy from the swing would have been absorbed in the swaying of the table and structure.You can also see from the increment that there wasnt a perfect step up in results this could be due to the unevenness of the floor, which I was measuring the length from. The way I was measuring the angle left a small margin for error each time I dropped the pendulum. The fishing line could have slipped a bit on some results although it was held quite firmly it was held by the spring tension of a metal clip board clip rather then say a fixed clamp. Due to the fact that the experiment took me a while to set up (mainly because of trying to solve my angle measuring problem) I didnt get to finish all the result taking in one session. Although I tried my best using measurements to set it up exactly the same in the next session the results may have been affected. Though looking at my chart there is no uniform alteration in increment or standard deviation, which would support this. To improve my experiment for next time I would pay more attention to detail when measuring the angle of swing and do all the result taking in one session.One other factor that may have caused a small anomaly in my value for the acceleration due to gravity is as I explained in my plan the difference in the Earths gravitational field strength. Because the different density of the earth at different points it dose not have a uniform gravitational field strength and the place where I conducted my experiment may have a different value for g than the place Newton conducted his. (I must note that this anomaly will only be tiny but very interesting if I wanted to extend my experiment any further)Conclusion:I conclude that my result for the acceleration due to gravity of 9.8ms-2 reflects an accurate attempt at supporting the value discovered by Sir Isaac Newton. The 2% uncertainty that I gained from the limitations of my measuring equipment due to their accuracy show that Newtons value lies within the boundaries of mine. If I were to do the experiment agai n and follow all the modifications that I have stated then I am sure that I could if not only repeat the level of accuracy shown by my result of g to 2 significant figures maybe even find it to 3 (9.81ms-2).Furthering my investigation:To further my investigation I could find out the effect on time period by changing mass (although I know from Newton who stated that the time period is independent of mass or swing length, the fact that they are not in the formula supports this).I could complete the experiment in different parts of the world where I know the density of rock beneath me is different to see if I could gain different results for g. My experiment would have to have been refined to great perfection though so as to notice any change.I could investigate the simple pendulum as a parametric oscillator by changing either its length or acceleration due to gravity during oscillations as to keep it swinging at a constant rate.

Oceanariums essays

Oceanariums essays Tuesday April 23, 1996 at approximately 8 a.m. Floridas Homosassa Springs Park was the sight of a joyous event. Sweet Pea, a wayward manatee rescued more than 900 miles from her home, was ready to be introduced to the wild. The 1,450 pound manatee was spotted near a municipal wastewater treatment plant in the Houston Ship Channel in Texas. She was rescued and rushed to Sea World of Texas for monitoring, tests, and round-the-clock care. After gaining more than 200 pounds, animal care experts at Sea World believed it was time for Sweet Pea to take another step closer to her eventual reintroduction. This manatees story from Sirens Song (Sea World Education) ended in triumph but it also underscores the dedication of people who fight to save these endangered animals. Without successful rehabilitation programs such as the one above hosted by an oceanarium like Sea World, Sweet Pea and many other manatees would die. Oceanariums are moral and beneficial because they directly educate the publ ic about conservation ecology, they provide suit habitats and environmental enrichment for all of their fish and mammals, and they perform research studies on social behavior and population that allow for new methods of treatment and understanding of marine life in the wild. Undoubtedly, oceanariums remove marine mammals and fish from the wild and place them in captivity. It has been thought that In captive killer whales, it [captivity] is the probable cause of dorsal fin collapse, as without the support of water, gravity pulls these tall appendages over as the whale matures. Collapsed fins are experienced by all captive male orcas and many captive female orcas, who were either captured as juveniles or who were born in captivity (Marine Mammals). Critics have gone so far as to say that marine mammals are held in captivity solely for entertainment purposes and that the animals are treated inhumanely....

Elizabeth Key and Her History-Changing Lawsuit

Elizabeth Key and Her History-Changing Lawsuit Elizabeth Key (1630 - after 1665) is a key figure in the history of American chattel slavery. She won her freedom in a lawsuit in 17th century colonial Virginia, and her lawsuit may have helped inspire laws making slavery a hereditary condition. Heritage Elizabeth Key was born in 1630, in Warwick County, Virginia. Her mother was a slave from Africa who is unnamed in the record. Her father was an English planter living in Virginia, Thomas Key, who arrived in Virginia before 1616. He served in the Virginia House of Burgesses, the colonial legislature. Accepting Paternity In 1636, a civil case was brought against Thomas Key, alleging that he had fathered Elizabeth. Such suits were common to get a father to accept responsibility to support a child born out of marriage, or to ensure that the father would help to get the child an apprenticeship. Key first denied paternity of the child, claiming that a â€Å"Turk† had fathered the child. (A â€Å"Turk† would have been a non-Christian, which could affect the slave status of the child.) He then accepted paternity and had her baptized as a Christian. Transfer to Higginson At about the same time, he was planning to go to England- perhaps the suit was filed to ensure that he accepted paternity before he left- and he placed the 6-year-old Elizabeth with Humphrey Higginson, who was her godfather. Key specified a term of indenture of nine years, which would bring her to the age of 15, a common time for indenture terms or apprentice terms to expire. In the agreement, he specified that after 9 years, Higginson was to take Elizabeth with him, give her a â€Å"portion,† and then free her to make her own way in the world. Also included in the instructions was that Higginson treat her like a daughter; as later testimony put it, â€Å"user her more Respectfully than a Common servant or slave.† Key then sailed for England, where he died later that year. Colonel Mottram When Elizabeth was about ten years old, Higginson transferred her to a Colonel John Mottram, a justice of the peace- whether it was a transfer or sale is not clear- and he then moved to what is now Northumberland County, Virginia, becoming the first European settler there. He founded a plantation he called Coan Hall. About 1650, Col. Mottram arranged for 20 indentured servants to be brought from England. One of those was William Grinstead, a young lawyer who indentured himself to pay for his passage and work that off during the term of indenture. Grinstead did legal work for Mottram. He also met and fell in love with Elizabeth Key, still held as a bond servant to Mottram, though it was by that time 5 or more years beyond the term of the original agreement between Key and Higginson. Even though Virginia law at that time forbid indentured servants from marrying, having sexual relations or having children, a son, John, was born to Elizabeth Key and William Grinstead. Filing Suit for Freedom In 1655, Mottram died. Those settling the estate assumed that Elizabeth and her son John were slaves for life. Elizabeth and William filed suit in court to recognize both Elizabeth and her son as already free. At the time, the legal situation was ambiguous, with some tradition assuming all â€Å"Negros† were slaves no matter the status of their parents, and other tradition assuming English common law where bondage status followed that of the father. Some other cases held that black Christians could not be slaves for life. The law was especially ambiguous if only one parent was an English subject. The suit was based on two factors: first, that her father was a free Englishman, and under English common law whether one was free or in bondage followed the status of the father; and second, that she had been â€Å"long since Christened† and was a practicing Christian. A number of people testified. One resurrected that old claim that Elizabeth’s father was a â€Å"Turk,† which would have meant neither parent was an English subject. But other witnesses testified that from a very early time, it was common knowledge that Elizabeth’s father was Thomas Key. The key witness was an 80-year-old former servant of Key, Elizabeth Newman. The record also showed that she had been called Black Bess or Black Besse. The court found in her favor and granted her freedom, but an appeal court found that she was not free, because she was a â€Å"Negro.† General Assembly and Retrial Then Grinstead filed a petition for Key with the Virginia General Assembly. The Assembly formed a committee to investigate the facts, and found â€Å"That by the Comon Law the Child of a Woman slave begot by a freeman ought to be free† and also noted that she had been christened and was â€Å"able to give a very good account of her fayth.† The Assembly returned the case to a lower court. There, on July 21, 1656, the court found that Elizabeth Key and her son John were in fact free persons. The court also required that the Mottram estate give her â€Å"Corn Clothes and Satisfaction† for her having served many years beyond the end of her term of service. The court formally â€Å"transferred† to Grinstead â€Å"a maid servant†. That same day, a marriage ceremony was performed and recorded for Elizabeth and William. Life in Freedom Elizabeth had a second son by Grinstead, named William Grinstead II. (Neither son’s birth date is recorded.) Grinstead died in 1661, after only five years of marriage. Elizabeth then married another English settler named John Parse or Pearce. When he died, he left 500 acres to Elizabeth and her sons, which allowed them to live out their lives in peace. There are many descendants of Elizabeth and William Grinstead, including a number of famous people (the actor Johnny Depp is one). Later Laws Before the case, there was, as outlined above, some ambiguity in the legal status of the child of a woman who was in bondage and a free father. The assumption of the Mottram estate that Elizabeth and John were slaves for life was not without precedent. But the idea that all of African descent were permanently in bondage was not universal. Some wills and agreements by owners specified terms of service for African slaves, and also specified land or other goods to be granted at the end of the term of service to aid in their new life as fully free persons. For example, a woman, Jone Johnson, daughter of one Anthony Johnson identified as a Negro, was given 100 acres of land by the Indian ruler Debeada in 1657. Key’s suit won her freedom and established the precedence of the English common law about a child born to a free, English father. In response, Virginia and other states passed laws to override the common law’s assumptions. Slavery in America became more solidly a race-based and hereditary system. Virginia passed these laws: 1660: the term of indentured servitude was limited to five years- for servants from a Christian country1662: a child’s status as free or bond (slave) status was to follow the mother’s status, contrary to English common law1667: being a Christian did not alter status of bondage1670: prohibited Africans from importing any bonded laborers from anywhere (Africa or England included)1681: children of a European mother and African father were to be in bondage to age 30 In Maryland: 1661: a law was passed making all African Americans in the colony slaves, and all African Americans slaves at birth whatever the status of the parents1664: a new law outlawed marriages between European or English women and African (Negro/black) men Note: while the term â€Å"black† or â€Å"Negro† was sometimes used for Africans from the beginning of the presence of people of African descent in colonial America, the term â€Å"white† came into legal usage in Virginia about 1691, with a law referring to â€Å"English or other white women.† Before that, each nationality was described. In 1640, for instance, a court case described a â€Å"Dutchman,† a â€Å"Scotch man† and a â€Å"Negro,† all bond servants who escaped to Maryland. An earlier case, 1625, referred to a â€Å"Negro,† a â€Å"Frenchman,† and â€Å"a Portugall.† More about the early history of black or African women in what is now the United States, including how laws and treatment evolved: Timeline of African American History and Women Also known as: Elizabeth Key Grinstead; due to spelling variations common at the time, last name was variously Key, Keye, Kay and Kaye; married name was variously Grinstead, Greensted, Grimstead, and other spellings; final married name was Parse or Pearce Background, Family: Mother: not namedFather: Thomas Key (or Keye or Kay or Kaye) Marriage, Children: husband: William Grinstead (or Greensted or Grimstead or other spellings) (married July 21, 1656; indentured servant and lawyer)children:John GrinsteadWilliam Grinstead IIhusband: John Parce or Pearce (married about 1661)

Monetary Policy and Its Implications in Belgium Research Paper

Monetary Policy and Its Implications in Belgium - Research Paper Example This meant that the signatories’ domestic currencies would not fluctuate against the Euro and each other. The Euro was initially launched as electronic money and eventually became a legal tender on 1st January the year 2002. The European Central Bank was tasked with the responsibility of implementing monetary policies on countries using the Euro (GunyeÃŒ  2004). One of the main reasons why the Euro was introduced was to provide a common currency that could be used all over Europe. It is important to note that European countries are small and trade with each other. A common currency would make trade between the European countries easier. This eliminated exchange rates that were a common hindrance to trade among the countries. The common currency was expected to be stronger than other currencies of the individual countries and this would have increased the competitiveness of exporters using the Euro. Since the Euro was incepted in the year 1999, it has remained fairly stable against the US dollar. The euro in 1999 would buy the US dollar at $1.18. This figure has since risen to $1.38. The lowest amount that the Euro has ever bought the US dollar is $0.82 and the highest ever level the Euro has ever bought the dollar remains at $1.60. Some of the member countries have been experiencing high labor costs and this has been affecting their export competitiveness in the market. In such a case a currency would devalue to solve the scenario. It is, however, impossible to devalue the Euro and this has led to major problems for countries like Greece, Portugal and Italy. This is due to the fact that they are experiencing a fall in exports. It is widely thought member countries are protected from financial crisis. However, this is not the case as Greece is experiencing a major financial crisis. The member countries are given less incentives to implement structural reform (The

Renanlt Nissan the making of Global Alliance case Essay

Renanlt Nissan the making of Global Alliance case - Essay Example major changes were taking within the global automotive market characterized by large-scale mergers between some of the major automotive companies in the world. In addition, the economic slowdown being experienced in the Asian region was also affecting the industry, with many of the Asian automotive manufacturers experiencing financial problems. Conversely, the earlier attempted merger between the company and the Swedish carmaker Volvo in 1993 was unsuccessful and had left a negative effect on the company. This merger had been a well-planned initiative that was based on shared synergies between Renault and Volvo and comprised a significant part of the European industrial policy (Krcmar & Klein, 2006). The merger negotiations had lasted for three years and had involved various key authorities, including the French industrial minister, as the French government was a major stakeholder in the company. It was therefore important for the company to be able to undertake a successful merger undertaking in order to go past the effects of the previous failed merger. A major strength involved the company’s privatization 1996 due to the various changes in the country that resulted in the separation of economic and political factors and influences. This privatization process resulted in the French government owning only 46% of the company’s shareholding (Krcmar & Klein, 2006). As such, the management was quite sure that the company’s shareholders would approve the company’s need to expand as well as provide the management with a conducive environment to implement the company’s strategy. Another major strength of the company was its experience and market share, as the company was a major automotive producer within the western European and South America automotive markets and had a 5% of the total global automotive market. The company had excelled in the field of mid-range cars and light commercial vehicles. It was also ahead in cost reduction, efficient purchasing and

Music Piracy Is a Good Thing Essay Example for Free

Music Piracy Is a Good Thing Essay If pirating music hurts musicians income so badly it would show, and after all this time of pirating music it hasnt. Music piracy benefits artists more than it hurts, therefore it should be legal. Music piracy is mostly committed by people who are everyday people who have average income jobs and have families who end up being sued by big record companies over downloading music for free. It seems a bit to greedy when you look at the difference in pay between the artist and the people who download the songs. ( †¦) say that the people who pirate the music are more likely to go to the show and buy the albums after downloading music (Ernesto). Also, people who pirate music tracks are very likely to develop an connection to the bands orartists and that will lead to them attending the shows, buying albums and merchandise. When putting this issue in perspective, record companies are just looking for money without any consideration for the ways of getting it. Record companies start suing people who have downloaded music for ridiculous amount of money in attempt to intimidate and scare off the fellons from downloading music illegally. The main groups affected are college kids that dont have the money. Sarah Barg was a sophomore at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Sarah received an email from a label company stating that she owed $3,000 to the Recording Industry Association of America (Bratton). For that amount,, Sarah would be paying $7. 87 for each song. Majority of the songs she pirated were from the eighties and werent even relevant anymore, and yet she was battling record company’s in court over them them. Sixty students like Sarah at UNL received the same similar, as well as hundreds sent out to over sixty other universities across the country. Not knowing ow else to handle the situation, Barg contacted her parents and they had to cover her settlement. I dont know what I would have done. Im only 20 years old, says Barg. Well over five hundred students across the states have paid settlements to avoid being sued. I see it as bullying, UNL freshman Andrew Johnson says, Legally, it makes sense, because we dont have the money to fight back. Johnson illegally downloaded one song and settled $3,000 to avoid being sued for one song. The money used came from the 18 year olds college fund and he now has to work two jobs to compensate for his losses. The record companies seem to target those cant fight back. In 2007, major record companies such as Warner music groups, Warner Bros Records, Inc. , and Sony BMG Music Entertainment, tried to sue a young girl from Texas named Whitney Harper for illegally downloading music from file sharing networks on the internet (Malisow). Whitney was at the time was sixteen years old and was being sued for a minimum of $750 per song when Whitney downloaded thirtyseven songs. That is a little over $20,000 and she is only sixteen years old. Harper tried to use the Innocent Infringer Act that would reduce fees to $200 per song. In order to accomplish that, Harper had to prove she was unaware of the copyright laws by claiming that the copyright notice placed on cds were not on the file sharing networks on the Internet therefore she was unaware. The companies referred to the sixteen-year-old as a long term massive infringer of copyright laws. Harper warned that if the companies won the case that downloading music off the Internet could never be innocent infringement. The Harper case is one the few after many years still going through federal court. The companies had stated they were going to begin transitioning away from suing individuals and find better means of fixing the issue. After years of record companies using an intimidation method to fix the pirating problem, it got them nowhere because the amount of pirates only went up, and the efforts by the companies were in most cases useless. According to the Wall Street Journal, they attempted suing many single mothers, a thirteen-year-old girl, and a dead peope. The new approach is for the companies to work with Internet service providers and when music is eing pirated the user receives a warning that they will lose Internet service if they continue(WSJ. com). The companies still reserve the right to sue if someone is a heavy violator or has ignored several warnings, but even with this new system, it still seems like the companies are only out for money, but in an attempt to escape negative attention from the media, they change their approach. According to The Independent, peo ple who illegally download music also spend more money on music, concerts, merchandises than anyone else. The Secretary of State for Business, Peter Mandelson, stated that the record companies new approach to crack down on illegal down loaders by cutting off internet service could potentially harm the music industry more than help it. The people who file share are the ones who are interested in music. They use file sharing as a discovery mechanism. The artists also have mixed opinions over file sharing, some such as James Blunt and Lily Allen are anti-piracy and Shakira is pro-piracy(Shields). Sites have come out with monthly bills for unlimited music plans that seem fairer. Some artists dont feel affected by file sharing and support the fact that piracy creates a bigger fan base for them. Bands like Angels and Airwaves have produced free records so copyright wasnt an issue. They figure that the fans will still come see them play and record sales arent the only thing to being in a successful band. Some artists dont seem to realize that. Most artists make plenty off of record sales even with a piracy problem, so court cases and law suits on everyday people by record companies seems a bit greedy and selfish. Even with the new laws, they are still pushing to stop this unstoppable problem. Today music piracy is referred to as a dead issue. Most cases that are still pending are being dropped. This year a $54,000 fine on a single mother of four was dropped by the U. S. District Court Judge, Micheal Davis, who stated piracy is no longer monstrous and shocking. The need for deterrence cannot justify a two million verdict for stealing and distributing twenty-four songs for the sole purpose of obtaining free music(physorg. om). Thomas Rasset was convicted in 2007 and was ordered to pay $220,000, but the judge who presided over the trial called off the verdict, saying it was wholly disproportionate and oppressive. Her case was one of the thousands that had actually made it to court. In 2011, with new laws, these cases should not be forgotten about. The people who lost cases should be compensated and apologized to because they did nothing other than have an interest in the artist.

The Truth is in the Details :: Comparative, The Naturalist

When I received the assignment of comparing and contrasting the â€Å"Naturalist† to that of â€Å"Landscape and Narrative†, admittedly I was a bit dismayed at the idea of analyzing two writings I seemed to comprehend very little of. Upon reading them over and over, jotting down idea after idea, and crumpling up paper after paper, I came to the conclusion that I may or may not be over-thinking the assignment. My interpretation, though a bit underdeveloped, is this: Barry Lopez, in â€Å"The Naturalist† explains what it means to be a naturalist, the expectations a naturalist, and the modern naturalist’s ideology. He speaks of how knowledge is best gained, which he believes is through â€Å"enormously time-consuming† (â€Å"The Naturalist† 122) firsthand experience; by â€Å"immersing yourself in its milieu† (â€Å"The Naturalist† 116), or environment. He uses the example of the caracara, in the â€Å"Naturalist.† He says, â€Å"if you wish to understand the caracara, you need to know a great deal about exactly where the caracara lives; and what the caracara’s relationships are with each of the many components of that place, including its elevations, its seasonal light.† (â€Å"The Naturalist 116). This fits in nicely with the point he makes in â€Å": Landscape and Narrative†. He defines two landscapes: external, â€Å"the one we see†¦the land†¦its plants and animals†¦its weather, its geology, the record of its climate and evolution.† (â€Å"Landscape and Narrative† 5). The other is the internal one, which Lopez describes as â€Å"a kind of projection within a part of the exterior landscape.† (â€Å"Landscape and Narrative† 7). More or less, I think he’s saying that one’s mindset, feelings, and purpose are determined by nature; the world around us. Lopez mentions that â€Å"those fresh to a task†¦are the ones most likely to give themselves a deadline†¦which will challenge themselves to know all there is to know† (â€Å"The Naturalist† 122) about a particular thing. But, as he points out, â€Å"lack of end points† (â€Å"The Naturalist† 122) conflict with â€Å"the short-term demands of modern life.† (â€Å"The Naturalist† 122). He refers to the fact that he still goes down to the river and always feels like something new will reveal itself. Putting oneself on a deadline never works. Those opposed to, or believing differently than naturalists, or â€Å"tyrants† (â€Å"The Naturalist† 122), â€Å"aim to silence the naturalists† (â€Å"The Naturalist† 122), to avoid having their beliefs called into question or contradicted. Lopez fears those people; some in a position of political power, and with an abundance of confidence are â€Å"ready to tell the county commissioners what the river is† (â€Å"The Naturalist† 122).

Advertisement Is Manipulation

Advertising: Information or Manipulation? (Argumentative essay) [pic]Advertising is a way of getting a product or an idea to the general public to advertise the positive aspects of it. Advertising is a good way of  persuading  the people to purchase a product or believe in an idea that the advertisement presents. Advertising has many forms. They come in  propaganda or in mass media. (Television commercials) Traditional advertising is meant for  persuasion and is made to give off positive aspects (information) about a object or specifically a product to make them purchase or believe in the ideas that the  advertisement provides.This is not true present day. The present day advertisement evolved and now brainwashes the people to buy or believe in the things in the advertisement. Advertisement is made for persuasion but people have used this tool to actually control the thoughts of many people. For example, subliminal messages are contained in many different advertisements ava ilable today. Subliminal messages are very unethical. These messages are hidden in words or drawings to control the people. Subliminal messaging is one unethical way of advertising.Following ethics decides whether the ad is made for information or manipulation. If the ad contains unethical ways of persuasion then it is made for manipulation. The quote â€Å"if we follow ethics we face negative consequences† explains the ads that are available today. Many companies threw ethics out of the window. following ethics means less sales and less effectiveness. For the huge benefit they crave, they threw ethics and joined the dark side. Now advertisement are  solely  made to persuade people to pay more money than the actual cost of the product or an idea.These ads (most of them today) are mainly legal scams pasted in the window of your nearby super market. Is advertising the definitive way to make us informed in our daily decision making or is it just an exceptionally authoritativ e kind of mass deception that companies use to persuade their consumers and prospects into buying their services or products that they (buyers) do not need? In the global market, consumers have been exposed to ever ever-increasing amounts of advertising message.Consequently, the openings geared towards advertisement by firms have been on the rise to make sure that the buyers get the information. The paper presented here will carefully examine whether advertising is aimed at provision of information to the general   public and passing useful information to the customers or just to manipulate them and lure them into buying. Advertising can be used interchangeably with the word marketing. Talking of marketing draws our minds initially to money, services, goods and more importantly consumers.The role of advertising should be to help the society and the public at large through adequately correctly providing information concerning services and products that are produced. Advertising is a kind of communication that is untended to persuade people; readers, viewers and listeners to take some action. Another definition of advertisement as described by various researchers is; the non- personal communication of information concerning products, ideas or services in a normally persuasive way which is paid for by the sponsors and passed on through various mass media.On the other hand, the term manipulation has a meaning of giving malicious/ false information on a particular issue with an intention of achieving ones objectives. Manipulation basically makes use of lies to bring about benefits. There is a risk here though as if all the companies engage in spreading lies or false information about there products, the consumers will discover the truth and eventually the companies’ integrity in the eyes of the people will be lost, a fact that makes them to be extra smart in their manipulation undertakings.Advertising can be categorized into two throughout this research. O ne category is the innocent way of giving information to customers concerning a given product or service while facing them. There is a second category of that has a manipulative outcome on people. In all circumstances, people exposed to one or another kind of advertisement are driven in to purchasing products purchasing they may not really have needed. This is the image of manipulation in advertisement that makes consumers more commodity fetishists.

Development of syllabuses in schools Essay

How did the changing role of women and our view of children affect the development of syllabuses in schools? As history progressed peoples attitude towards women and children changed for the better. As a result of the two world wars, women and children were able to prove their importance, enabling them to increase their value within the community. As these changes in our perception of women and children occurred, syllabuses in schools were altered. The 1902 model course was developed, as people believed that it was up to children to do physical training at school to prepare them for war. Although it was grown men that had previously been defeated in the Boer war, the loss was blamed on the lack of physical training provided in schools. This is an example of children being considered important for the future of Britain. The model course, however, soon came under attack as it had children doing exercises designed for adults. As a result of this a new syllabus was introduced in 1904 and was more child-friendly. The 1909 syllabus was developed as more concern was being taken over the welfare of children of working-class families and this syllabus ensured a slightly more therapeutic angle. Organised games were introduced in this syllabus; this shows the first tentative move away from military-style Physical Training teaching. The years 1914-1918 saw the tragedy of the First World War. A generation of young men was almost totally wiped out. Consequently this had an effect on the education system, as it was recognised that a more child centred approach was needed. The First World War also improved the social status of women. This was because they had worked in munitions factories and on the land whilst the men were busy fighting. Women proved that they could cope with demanding physical work and this afforded them more equality. Despite this development in the way in which they were viewed, women generally continued to have only limited access to sport. In 1919, after the war a new syllabus was introduced. This syllabus was more child orientated than the previous ones It allowed more freedom and individual interpretation. For the older pupils therapeutic exercises were still the main emphasis. The 1933 syllabus is perhaps one of the most significant syllabuses developed as a result of the way in which children were viewed. It was developed after the economic depression, which started in the late 1920s. During this time there were very poor living conditions for the less well off as they suffered even more than they had done previously. In this syllabus we see a move from a teacher-centred approach to one where more choice is available and decisions can be made by pupils. This is signif8icant as it shows that adults were beginning to view children as being independent and therefore able to make there own decisions. Everyone was touched by the Second World War. Due to the development of aircraft bombers and long-range missiles, the lives of everyone in Britain, including children were affected. People now looked to their children for hope and we now see a further step towards child-centred learning. The training that had been used to create ‘thinking’ soldiers during the war was now adapted to suit schools. Assault course type equipment was put up in schools. Pupils were required to use their initiative and take responsibility for each other.

Brain Scans Show Pattern In Violent Behavior Essays - Brain

Brain Scans Show Pattern In Violent Behavior Essays - Brain Brain Scans Show Pattern In Violent Behavior Murderers and other people prone to violence have distinct brain patterns that can be scanned and that might be changed with drugs and other therapies, researchers said. Most people's brain can rein in overreaction to emotions such as fear or anger. But in pathologically violent people, this control system gets short-circuited. Several studies have shown this rewiring can be seen in images such as PET(positron emission tomography) scans. Impulsive,affective aggression may be the product of a failure of emotion regulation, University of Wisconsin-Madison psychologist Richard Davidson and colleagues wrote in their report, published in journal science. They said normal people can control their emotions,and can respond to cues from other people, such facial expressions of fear. We suggest that individuals predisposed to aggression and violence have an abnormality in the central circuitry responsible for these adaptive behavioral strategies, they wrote. Davidson and his team reviewed studies, including some of their own, involving 500 violent people with aggressive personality disorder,childhood brain injuries and convicted murderers. They compared their brain function to nonviolent people. They found dysfunction in the same brain regions in 41 murderers, in a group suffering from aggressive impulsive personality disorder and in some people diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. And they found that the same brain regions were involved again and again. The evidence we have reviewed indicates that the orbitofrontal cortex and the structures with which it is interconnected, including other prefrontal territories, the anterior cingulate cortex ,and the amygdala, constitute core elements of a circuit that underlies emotion regulation,they wrote. The orbital frontal cortex is important in h olding back impulsive outbursts, while the anterior cingulate cortex recruits other brain regions in the response to conflict. The amydala, the almond-shaped structure linked with fear and emotion ,is also and important player. In violent people, its activity essentially ran out of control, while other brain regions could calm it down in normal people. Abnormalities in serotonin function in regions of the prefrontal cortex may be especially important, the researchers added. Serotonin is an important message-carrying hormone, known as a neurotransmitter, linked with mood and emotion. It is targeted by antidepressant drugs. Davidson said genetics and environment are probably both involved and it may be possible to rewire these faulty circuits with drugs or psychological therapy. Given what we know about brain plasticity and the fact that the brain really can change in response to experience, we have good reason to expect that these treatments may, in fact, have beneficial consequences, he said in a statement. Meanwhile, a second report in Science suggested that aggression is not always bad. Frans de Waal of the yerkes Regional Primate Research Center in Atlanta said sometimes conflict led to closer relationships by letting peole literally kiss and make-up. For example, chimpanzees kiss and embrace after fight, and other nonhuman primates engage in similar reconciliations,he wrote.

Significance of the Stono Rebellion

Significance of the Stono Rebellion The Stono Rebellion was the largest rebellion mounted by slaves against slave owners in colonial America. The Stono Rebellions location took place near the Stono River in South Carolina. The details of the 1739 event are uncertain, as documentation for the incident comes from only one firsthand report and several secondhand reports. White Carolinians wrote these records, and historians have had to reconstruct the causes of the Stono River Rebellion and the motives of the slaves participating from biased descriptions. The Rebellion On Sept. 9, 1739, early on a Sunday morning, about 20 slaves gathered at a spot near the Stono River. They had pre-planned their rebellion for this day. Stopping first at a firearms shop, they killed the owner and supplied themselves with guns. Now well-armed, the group then marched down a main road in St. Pauls Parish, located nearly 20 miles from Charlestown (today Charleston). Bearing signs reading Liberty, beating drums and singing, the group headed south for Florida. Who led the group is unclear; it might have been a slave named Cato or Jemmy. The band of rebels hit a series of businesses and homes, recruiting more slaves and killing the masters and their families. They burned the houses as they went. The original rebels may have forced some of their recruits to join the rebellion. The men allowed the innkeeper at Wallaces Tavern to live because he was known to treat his slaves with more kindness than other slaveholders. The End of the Rebellion After journeying for about 10 miles, the group of roughly 60 to 100 people rested, and the militia found them. A firefight ensued, and some of the rebels escaped. The militia rounded up the escapees, decapitating them and setting their heads on posts as a lesson to other slaves. The tally of the dead was 21 whites and 44 slaves killed. South Carolinians spared the lives of slaves they believed were forced to participate against their will by the original band of rebels. Causes The rebelling slaves were headed for Florida. Great Britain and Spain were at war (the War of Jenkins Ear), and Spain, hoping to cause problems for Britain, promised freedom and land to any British colonial slaves who made their way to Florida.   Reports in local newspapers of impending legislation may have also prompted the rebellion. South Carolinians were contemplating passing the Security Act, which would have required all white men to take their firearms with them to church on Sunday, presumably in case of unrest among a group of slaves broke out. Sunday had been traditionally a day when the slave owners set aside their weapons for church attendance and allowed their slaves to work for themselves. The Negro Act The rebels fought well, which, as historian John K. Thornton speculates, may have been because they had a military background in their homeland. The areas of Africa where they had been sold into slavery were experiencing intense civil wars, and a number of ex-soldiers found themselves enslaved after surrendering to their enemies. South Carolinians thought it was possible that the slaves African origins had contributed to the rebellion. Part of the 1740 Negro Act, passed in response to the rebellion, was a prohibition on importing slaves directly from Africa. South Carolina also wanted to slow the rate of importation down; African-Americans outnumbered whites in South Carolina, and South Carolinians lived in fear of insurrection. The Negro Act also made it mandatory for militias to regularly patrol to prevent slaves from gathering the way they had in anticipation of the Stono Rebellion. Slave owners who treated their slaves too harshly were subject to fines under the Negro Act in an implicit nod to the idea that harsh treatment might contribute to rebellion. The Negro Act severely restricted the lives of South Carolinas slaves. No longer could a group of slaves assemble on their own, nor could slaves grow their food, learn to read or work for money. Some of these provisions had existed in law before but had not been consistently enforced. Significance of the Stono Rebellion Students often ask, Why didnt slaves fight back? The answer is that they sometimes did. In his book American Negro Slave Revolts (1943), historian Herbert Aptheker estimates that over 250 slave rebellions occurred in the United States between 1619 and 1865. Some of these insurrections were as terrifying for slave owners as Stono, such as the Gabriel Prosser slave revolt in 1800, Veseys rebellion in 1822 and Nat Turners rebellion in 1831. When slaves were unable to rebel directly, they performed subtle acts of resistance, ranging from work slow-downs to feigning illness. The Stono River Rebellion is a tribute to the ongoing, determined resistance of African-Americans to the oppressive system of slavery. Sources Aptheker, Herbert. American Negro Slave Revolts. 50th Anniversary Edition. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.Smith, Mark Michael. Stono: Documenting and Interpreting a Southern Slave Revolt. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2005.Thornton, John K. African Dimensions of the Stono Rebellion. In A Question of Manhood: A Reader in U.S. Black Mens History and Masculinity, vol. 1. Ed. Darlene Clark Hine and Earnestine Jenkins. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1999.

Nonverbal communication in romantic relationships - literature review Essay

Nonverbal communication in romantic relationships - literature review - Essay Example What individuals do is also reliable indicator of internal feelings. Four studies comprise this literature review. â€Å"Nonverbal Immediacy Behaviors and Liking in Marital Relationships† (Hinkle, 1999) measured the frequency of positive nonverbal behaviors in married couples and found a strong correlation with the subjects’ reported liking for one another. â€Å"Relational Messages Associated with Nonverbal Involvement, Pleasantness, and Expressiveness in Romantic Couples† (Le Poire, Duggan, Shepard & Burgoon, 2002) focused on vocal involvement, showing that partners perceived intimacy based on tone. The results of â€Å"Patterns of Matching and Initiation: Touch Behavior and Touch Avoidance across Romantic Relationship Stages† (Guerrero & Anderson, 1994) indicated sex differences in the initiation of touch, with men choosing the dominant role of initiation early in the relationship and women becoming the initiators after marriage. â€Å"Adult Attachment Style and Nonverbal Closeness in Dating Couples† (Tucker & An ders, 1998) reported that secure attachment style resulted in more positive touching. Although it may seem obvious that nonverbal communication—in general, a subconscious act—should correlate with relational satisfaction, researchers may take nothing for granted. Thus, the Hinkle study cited research that reported relationships have a greater success if the partners like one another. They also defined nonverbal immediacy as â€Å"behaviors such as touching, smiling, and making eye contact with another person† (Hinkle, 1999) and hypothesized that the more immediacy behaviors displayed by an individual, the more their partner liked them. The focus of their research was related to the duration of the relationship. They found that correlation remained constant, but that liking behaviors were strongest in the first year of the marriage and after the twenty-fourth year (Hinkle, 1999). Guerrero and Anderson began with a

Ff options can only be priced because they can be replicated, why do Assignment

Ff options can only be priced because they can be replicated, why do we need them - Assignment Example Although derivatives are technically conspicuous reason being they can undergo replication using basic financial instruments, they are still the tools that provide those who participate in the market to full of risk to manage the particular risks. Nature of options dynamic replication Dynamic hedging of options is never conducted even with the market makers(Lussier & PareI, 2004). In nature, options are hard to deal with due to the technicality of the language used to describe the tools. The difference between dynamic and static hedging is small since hedging is only realized on minor positions. The risks taken by either parties are very different and highly distinguished, those with the buyer and distinct from those with the writer of the options hence asymmetry in the payoffs making it very hard for dynamic replication. Options also have the tendency of changing their character in a dynamically replicative way depending on whether they are in the money or out of the money. Dependen t on this, is the fact that the value of out of the money option is the probability that at expiry the said option will have some value without dynamically replicating (Lussier & PareI, 2004). Dynamic replication assumes a constant movement of asset prices while the real prices of the assets can move non-constantly. This has the effect of derailing the possible outcomes of accurate replication. The risk presented by this is on the options themselves upbringing bankruptcy to businesses that do not have enough capital (Lussier & PareI, 2004). All these factors combined have an impact on the way both the put and the call options will be priced using the relevant dynamic models. Options are of very high value since in its own context it allows the person holding it to be able to modify the risks they are exposed to favorably. In addition, the asset also gives the holder the special chance of escaping the contract when they realize they are not favored by the occurrences of dynamic repli cation. Pricing of options in relation to dynamic replication Dynamic replication understanding can well be discussed and how it works in relation to the option pricing theory, their relation and functionality is as well discussed. The pricing of options today bases its pricing on discrete time method where the valuation of the asset will take only two general forms depending on the skewness of dynamic replication (Roman, 2004). The pricing of an option depends on the ability of an individual to predict the future behavior of the asset prices. The call option value is arrived at in the end by getting the difference between the asset price and the strike price of the asset, which is maximized incase it is positive in value, and minimized when the value is negative. Under option contracts, option writers are most of the times obligated to deliver some form of liability with regard to dynamic replication, which are valued by way of creating a diversified portfolio that is underlying an d that exactly matches the residual costs involved in setting up both sides leading to a replicated product (Roman, 2004). Arrival at the fair value of an option is therefore arrived at depending on the ability of the writer of the option to form a dynamically replicating portfolio of the assets. Among the many methods used to price options, we have the Black-Scholes option-valuation model (Ross, 2008), which employs intensive analysis in its

Much To Learn From History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Much To Learn From History - Essay Example On many levels through my historical observation of such readings, I have been forever impacted by the diverse fibers that have made up the collective historical record. I found very early on that history would be the right subject matter for me to study. The chance to enter the historical record through the written works of many other historians had and continues to have a great impact on me as I continue my quest for an increased understanding of everything that has to do with history. It is quite empowering to me to be able to read such instrumental works that, in considerable ways, have aided in the formation of an understanding about that which happened between 1865 until the present day. To have the chance to read these works and have the resulting imagery painted in my mind from the words I have read has meant so much to me as a historian and as a person as I seek to learn more about history's offerings. From everything that I have learned personally, I feel that any student in school, or someone who wishes to learn outside of an organized setting, can take away many great things from studying this issue. A student of history can take away a great appreciation and exposure to the many things that have occurred throughout the time that paint a bigger picture of understanding the vast nature of intricacies which are intertwined with each and every historical event that has occurred between 1865 until now. The unique chance to have the opportunity as a student of history to enter the mind, motivation, as well as the circumstances.

Healthcare Rationing Debate

Healthcare Rationing Debate Commentary on â€Å"The Rationing Debate†, Rationing health care by age Covering Statement: This paper aims to comment on Alan Williams’s article of â€Å"The rationing debate1† published in BMJ, 15th March 1997 volume 314. In this commentary I will try to explain different points of argument he raises in his article with the comments on each under the same heading. For the better perception and reflection I will try to suggest an alternative model to his main proposition of this article. The main position of my commentary is favoring the position of Alan about â€Å"Age the criterion to benefit people† I will try to critique him in different aspects of his argument with the induction of my own suggested model and will try to figure out in order to remove the dependency on age for calculating benefit we have to intervene5 differently with some different aspect. Rationing debate: This article is all about the criteria for the priority setting in health care specifically focused on â€Å"Age1† which he mentioned is only the predictor for any health related issue not the cause; he also argued about the main context on benefits extract out of health care in relation with age. In the initial part of his article he tries to figure out the relation between adaptation and adjustment of human body in response to â€Å"diseases†. Here, I want to use more true meaning of this word â€Å"disease† which means not normal, instead of any pathology. He also explains the increased level of risks with increase ages along with more supportive and rehabilitative therapy needed in later ages. Being an â€Å"Old Age Person† he contextualized his argument in contrast with young age and compares why recoveries are fast in young age and that also the importance of recoveries in young ages. Up to my level of understanding, his use of ‘age’ explaining about the different aspects of wellness is more towards own contextualization, being a middle age man I can argue the whole concept of his article in a different aspect and that is level of degenerative changes in human body. Before I explain further I would like to explain a bit about medical notion of generative and degenerative part of Human body. Broadly, our life consists of two major cycles of structural formation i.e. generative and degenerative. Initially we all spent life for the generation of a proper structure of our body including physical and mental construction and then after that we spent rest of our life on that structure, which we can call degenerative part of life. Degenerative part is mainly relying on how well organized generative structure is formed. Up to 30 years of age is considered as a part of generative phase while after that it is all degenerative. Now I can argue, or suggest Mr. Allan an alternative ground to his concept of Age1, which is we will evaluate generative and degenerative health issues to his concept of benefits in comparison of his age based model of benefits. So contextualizing this alternative, infections or acquired disease can be treated as the reflection of body, like in generative phase the estimation of benefits can be different than the degenerative one similarly the developmental disorders. This alternative context can be applicable to public or individuals on the same way like the Age based one; the reflection of body to any external effects. Desire of Living: Alan uses a term of â€Å"vain pursuit of immortality1†, desire of living forever which indeed become more important in later ages of life. So as he explains how the outcomes of smaller health related issue considered more in old-aged and why the expectation get higher in this age. He points out the curability or treatability of any health related issue is not the only option in this age groups, there are so many other ways to work in this issue even out of the parameters of health services (like beyond NHS-UK). Considering the above argument in context with the alternative idea, there won’t be any expectation issues because for degenerative un-wellness expectations will be low. The terms of curability and rehabilitation will not be in competition with each other for instance. Ethically it will be easier to justify the alternative one as both the components of this idea are of equal span which will be focusing more on consequences and outcomes; I would not like to say that this will be the maximizing welfare concept or true utilitarian4 based model except within the degenerative based group benefits of health care issues. Quality of Life: Other important aspects of his article he suggests about the shift of context from the term of â€Å"cure† to â€Å"quality of life†. He also supports this argument of his by relating it with the values of persons own self-care. Though he stresses that by focusing on quality of life the contemporary approach on new interventions5 (especially at life threatening levels) will be restricted but still he argues â€Å"Quality of Life1† is less costly. The above argument of Alan is basically the further explanation of our context of alternative idea in which regenerative phase is more focused for the cure with individual choice and distributive to maximal liberty of the individual. Quality of life is only focused to the improvement of degenerative part of health care benefits according to the needs and burdens equalizing resources4 (egalitarian4). So the alternative way can be the modified egalitarian view of health care setting. Being the part of egalitarian nature it can be assume that priority will be set for the high tech innovations in medical sciences which will benefit both the generative as well as degenerative on the same grounds and quality. Limits: In second portion of his article he tries to explain another aspect of defining limits for the health care benefits, he explains that keeping an eye on this divine principle of â€Å"every soul will taste death2† it is better to keep a limit before any stress full situation encounters and those limits should be justified on humane grounds according to age, expectations should also be considered according to age. He means to say that age can be considered for benefits though it is not a criterion. In explanation of above argument to alternative context, expectation will be different for different phases; fulfillment of that expectation would be more justified or in equitable manner. I do agree with this divine principle of life and the relation of its context in our life and building capacity to the alternative way will not effects any change on overall morality4 of priority health care setting. For this argument I would like to second the thoughts of Alan, health care model should have the parameters for defining the limits in advance, so that the issues like social utility4 or medical utility4 could not be raised. The extent of limits can differ in our alternative context of design. Health of the nation: In the further explanation of his own proposition of benefit related health care objectives when talk about broader view like â€Å"health of the nation1†, he counter argues that this favors against the old age because priorities should be given to those who will benefit more, so the young will get more and also in old age benefits are more diminished and that this is morally unjust that smaller benefits of older should be preferred on larger benefits of young. In support of his argument he explains that older can be considered more beyond the benefit because they have paid more taxes in their lives, but contrarily he replied that usually health care systems are social insurance kind of system in which lucky one gets more. He also supports this argument that elders value more to their small improvements while young focus more to different aspects if talk about their benefits in that case the rationale of health care settings as a social insurance setup wi ll be in jeopardy and private entities will be focus more. When we deal with the civic virtues and solidarity or community values than the paradigm of priority setting for health care become difficult up to one model application. There are different references points to be deal at this level like, effectiveness, efficiency, legitimacy and distributive justification. If we change the notion of health of nation to the context of alternative idea of this paper than it will be easier to measure effectiveness as regenerative will be given priority. Economically7, the degenerative phase will consume more and it will justify the social insurance based argument of Alan that any person who pays in his regenerative phase will get in his degenerative part. Politically, there will be marked difference in both the scenarios. For example, instead of spending major share on long term care facility government have to build community rehabilitation services centers which will be utilized by all age groups. There won’t be any much difference of values of benefits of elders and young, though there will be difference in values of benefits but that will be equitable to widen age groups. Fair Innings: In later part of the article he explains his proposition as a â€Å"fair innings1 7†, in which he tries to explains that any person who lives his lifelong is kind of a fair cricket innings where he plays his innings saving his wicket throughout his life and (using resources of health care for life) build it up till old age (threescore ten is 70 years3), while the one who gets out in young age or live a painful kind of life is an unfortunate one and who has been denied opportunities. So the quality of life should be more focused whatever age it is and how many years of life are left. This argument is almost similar for the alternative context of this paper where someone who spend his regenerative phase of life well and get some tragic death will considered unlucky. So quality of life does not depends on health facilities available, age spans, exposure of the person, economic situations and so many other variant and non-related factors can be considered. In the end: Concluding his whole proposition, Alan explains that Age is important in determining the benefits and ultimately explains the disadvantages7 of being elder and low value benefits. As the age increase the value of your benefits decreases. He admits in his conclusion that he would have been preferring younger person benefits6 over his. Similarly, age matters a little bit in our alternative model but not as much that it can change the decisions. If our health care system is based on the suggested model of this paper, the criterion for determining the values of benefits would have been very different. Some preference could have been involved due to age but within the rationale of main phase either generative or degenerative. Conclusion: In this commentary I try my best to reflect my understanding of Alan’s debate, although he counters argue his own position many times but within the connotation of Age as criterion to determine health benefits. Reflexivity of his theme can appear to my suggested model of health care setting, where I am trying my best to create a parallel theme to Alan’s argument in order to get more grasp on his ideas. Concept of suggested model for health care setting based on generative and degenerative treatments, divine references about death and limits of life is my personal conception and believes. Within the explanation I have tried to create a parallel context for comparison. References: Williams, A (1997). The rationing debate. Rationing health care by age. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 314(7083), 820. The Holy Quran. The Holy Bible. T. L. Beauchamp, J. F. Childress. (2013) Principles of biomedical ethics, (7th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Rivlin, M. M. (1995). Protecting elderly people: flaws in ageist arguments. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 310(6988), 1179. Hunt, R. W. (1993). A critique of using age to ration health care. Journal of medical ethics, 19(1), 19-27. Evans, J. G. (1997). The rationing debate. Rationing health care by age. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 314(7083), 822.